Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the impact of thrombophilia in pregnancy complications

نویسندگان

  • Veli-Matti Ulander
  • Markku Ryynänen
چکیده

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Review of the literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. Hemostasis during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. Hereditary thrombophilias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1 Th rombophilias aff ecting natural anticoagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.1 FV Leiden mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.2 Defi ciencies of Antithrombin, protein C and protein S . . 12 2.2 Th rombophilias aff ecting procoagulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1 Prothrombin gene 20210A mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 High level of factor VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.3 Hyperhomocystinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3. Acquired thrombophilias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1. Activated protein C (APC) resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2. Essential thrombocythaemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3. Antiphospholipid syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. Th e role of annexins IV and V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. Venous thromboembolic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.1 Treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy . . . 21 5.2 Long-term outcome of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6. Th rombophilias and pregnancy complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6.1 Recurrent miscarriage and fetal loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 6.2 Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 6.3 Intrauterine growth restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 6.4 Placental abruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 6.5 Prevention of thrombophilia-associated pregnancy complications. . . . . . .28 7. Interaction between infl ammation and coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 7.1 Preterm delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 7.2 Cervical insuffi ciency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 8. Genetic polymorphism of coagulation factors in recurrent miscarriage . . . . .34 8.1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI-1) and Coagulation factor XIII . .34 8.2 Th rombomodulin and Endothelial protein C receptor polymorphism . . .34 9. Aims of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 10. Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 11. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 11.1 Outcome of deep venous thrombosis (I, II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 11.2 Prevalence of FV Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation in cervical insuffi ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 11.3 Annexin IV and V levels in early pregnancy in patients with a history of RM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 11.4 Prevalence of TM and EPCR polymorphism in recurrent miscarriage (RM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 12. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 12.1 Venous thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 12.2 Th e role of thrombophilias in cervical insuffi ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 12.3 Th e role of new local natural anticoagulants (annexins IV and V) in RM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 12.4 Polymorphism of TM and EPCR genes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 13. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 14. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

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تاریخ انتشار 2007