Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the impact of thrombophilia in pregnancy complications
نویسندگان
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Review of the literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. Hemostasis during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. Hereditary thrombophilias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1 Th rombophilias aff ecting natural anticoagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.1 FV Leiden mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.2 Defi ciencies of Antithrombin, protein C and protein S . . 12 2.2 Th rombophilias aff ecting procoagulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1 Prothrombin gene 20210A mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 High level of factor VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.3 Hyperhomocystinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3. Acquired thrombophilias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1. Activated protein C (APC) resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2. Essential thrombocythaemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3. Antiphospholipid syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. Th e role of annexins IV and V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. Venous thromboembolic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.1 Treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy . . . 21 5.2 Long-term outcome of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6. Th rombophilias and pregnancy complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6.1 Recurrent miscarriage and fetal loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 6.2 Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 6.3 Intrauterine growth restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 6.4 Placental abruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 6.5 Prevention of thrombophilia-associated pregnancy complications. . . . . . .28 7. Interaction between infl ammation and coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 7.1 Preterm delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 7.2 Cervical insuffi ciency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 8. Genetic polymorphism of coagulation factors in recurrent miscarriage . . . . .34 8.1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI-1) and Coagulation factor XIII . .34 8.2 Th rombomodulin and Endothelial protein C receptor polymorphism . . .34 9. Aims of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 10. Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 11. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 11.1 Outcome of deep venous thrombosis (I, II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 11.2 Prevalence of FV Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation in cervical insuffi ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 11.3 Annexin IV and V levels in early pregnancy in patients with a history of RM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 11.4 Prevalence of TM and EPCR polymorphism in recurrent miscarriage (RM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 12. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 12.1 Venous thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 12.2 Th e role of thrombophilias in cervical insuffi ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 12.3 Th e role of new local natural anticoagulants (annexins IV and V) in RM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 12.4 Polymorphism of TM and EPCR genes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 13. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 14. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
منابع مشابه
Thrombophilia and pregnancy complications.
Venous thromboembolism is the leading cause of pregnancy-associated morbidity and mortality. Women with thrombophilia have an increased risk of VTE in pregnancy and puerperium. In individuals with hereditary thrombosis risk factors a relative risk of pregnancy associated VTE ranging from 3.4 to 15.2 has been found. Women with previous VTE have an approximately 3.5-fold increased risk of recurre...
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Background and Objective: Pregnancy-associated changes in hemostatic and fibrinolytic proteins establish a hypercoagulable state and significant risk venous thromboembolism (VTE) events. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is associated with insulin-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) elevation, the most potent inhibitor of fibrinolysis. In addition to hypofibrinolysis due to incre...
متن کاملThrombophilia, Anticoagulant Therapy, and Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Poor Obstetric History
Background: The role of anticoagulant medications in preventing placental mediated pregnancy complications in patients with and without thrombophilia has not been investigated well. One underlying cause is associated with adverse effects of anticoagulants in pregnancy including teratogenicity, complexities in dosing and management of anticoagulants during pregnancy and labor. We aimed to assess...
متن کاملEpidemiology of maternal venous thromboembolism
in pregnancy include weight over 80 kg, family or personal history of thrombosis, and thrombophilia. Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of future venous thromboembolism. Almost two-thirds of women with venous thromboembolism during pregnancy develop deep-vein insufficiency in the affected leg, a rate substantially higher than would be expected after DVT...
متن کاملThrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review.
Growing evidence suggests that thrombophilia is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, methodological limitations have made it difficult to obtain a clear overview of the overall risks. We conducted a systematic review to determine the risk of VTE and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with thrombophilia in pregnancy. The effectiveness of prophy...
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تاریخ انتشار 2007